Effect of Tillage and Sowing Technologies Nexus on Winter Wheat Production in Terms of Yield, Energy, and Environment Impact

Crop production is considered one of the most important agricultural areas in world, supplying humanity with raw food materials. However, intensive farming very often has a detrimental effect on environment. The aim this study was to investigate and assess efficiency strip tillage sowing machine as well direct differently prepared soils terms yield, energy, environmental impact. experiments were performed winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown using three different techniques two machines. results show that inputs diesel fuel, time are directly affected by number complexity technological operations throughout chain. highest working time, energy consumption needed conventional technology (CT–STS), amounting 130.2 l ha−1, 6.65 h 18,349 MJ respectively. best yields obtained no tillage–direct (NT–DS), where reached 7.54 t ha−1. lowest impact achieved system NT–DS, CO2 emissions high 15%, lower than those under (CT–DS) CT–STS. costs can be reduced up 23.6%. main conclusion regarding use machines traditional indicators have deteriorated compared tillage, but significant difference been identified.